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Thaddeus Hughes
2025-10-09 20:43:40 -05:00
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## Introduction
Stress concentrations are an important phenomenon to be mindful of when you are designing parts, especially ones that are load-bearing and high-performance. Ignoring them could result in your design being as much as three times weaker, perhaps even more!
Even if you aren't performing a thorough engineering analysis of your part, mindfulness of stress concentrations and strategies for mitigating them can reduce the likelihood that your designs will fail.
## What is Stress?
[Stress is a measure of how much force is being carried by a particular cross-section of a part.](https://sendcutsend.com/blog/yield-strength-vs-tensile-strength/) If a 1-inch (about 25mm) square bar was being pulled on with 1000 pounds of force (about 4500N), we would say it carried 1000 pounds / (1 inch x 1 inch) = 1000 pounds per square inch (psi) of stress, or 4500 Newtons / (25 mm x 25 mm) = 7.2 Megapascals (MPa).
![[even.svg|480]]
All materials have stress limits such as yield or fatigue - if you exceed them, the material will bend or break - so care must be taken to keep stress to a minimum.
Real parts are hardly ever simple bars being pulled in tension, though. They often bend, have compound loading, and very importantly, have complicated geometry such as holes.
## What is a Stress Concentration?
A stress concentration is a location in a part where the stress is much higher than the surroundings. These occur where there are irregularities, discontinuities, or interruptions in the geometry or material, causing the flow of stress to be diverted.
Take for example this hole in the center of a plate which is being pulled apart. We can visualize the flow of stress by drawing lines. Where these lines bunch up together, there is a higher amount of stress.
![[simple.svg|480]]
## Calculating / Estimating
Engineering analysis can help in determining just how much higher the stress is at a concentration.
This can be done with the use of various formula and tables, such Roarke's Formulas for Stress and Strain, or those at websites like [eFatigue.com](https://www.efatigue.com/castiron/stressconcentration/).
Take the "[Rectangular Bar with Opposite Edge Notches](https://www.efatigue.com/castiron/stressconcentration/)". Using Gross Section Stress, if it is 12mm wide, with a radius of 2mm, then the stress concentration factor Kt = 3.05. This means that the maximum stress (seen around the notches) will be 3.05 times higher than the stress the the rest of the cross section.
![[dogbone.svg|480]]
A more advanced method is to use Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which is found in many CAD packages today or available as standalone software. FEA tools can be difficult to learn, and the results cannot always be trusted, but they can be used to understand very complicated loads or geometry. In this example, a gear is being analyzed - note the high tensile stress in red at the base of the gear tooth, and the high compressive stress in blue where the gear's contact with another gear has been simulated. Note also that this stress is tremendously higher than in the rest of the part!
![[Pasted image 20240709155453.png|480]]
## Design Strategies for Mitigation
Ultimately, a designer wants to mitigate the effects of stress concentrations. You can employ these strategies even if you haven't undertaken engineering analysis:
- Use large fillet radii, especially for inside corners, where two segments of a part meet.
- Be mindful of the [bend radii](https://sendcutsend.com/bending-calculator/) that SendCutSend will support for your material.
- If designing two pieces that must slip past one another, use reliefs. Infinitely sharp inside corners cannot be laser cut anyways (limited by the width of the laser beam), so this is a good practice anyways!
- For interfacing with shafts or other components that should have a hole in them, a [countersunk hole](https://sendcutsend.com/services/countersinking/) can be used to provide space for a fillet. [Dimple forming](https://sendcutsend.com/services/dimple-forming/) can also produce the same effect.
- Though counterintuitive, adding additional stress relief holes in front and behind a larger hole can help to reduce stress concentrations. Without analysis, this is a risky strategy. Elongating holes can also accomplish the same result.
![[corners.svg]]
![[stepped.svg|480]]
## Mitigation Without Impacting Design
Sometimes, a part simply must be shaped the way it is, and a harsh stress concentration is unavoidable. You may need to [increase the thickness or use a stronger material](https://sendcutsend.com/blog/strongest-vs-weakest-materials/). It's always a good idea to look at [all the materials SendCutSend offers](https://sendcutsend.com/materials/) to make sure you are choosing the best option.
Using a ductile material, rather than a brittle one, will reduce the impact of a stress concentration. A brittle material will crack or snap, whereas a ductile one will simply stretch and deform at the concentration. This may or may not be a noticeable deformation - oftentimes, bending is a much safer mode of failure than breaking, though!
Examples of this would be choosing [5052-H32 over 7075-T6 Aluminum](https://www.makeitfrom.com/compare/5052-H32-Aluminum/7075-T6-Aluminum), as [5052](https://sendcutsend.com/materials/5052-aluminum/) has a much higher elongation at break, and a much higher toughness than [7075](https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/).
Rough edges can be places for cracks to begin propagating from. Consider [deburring](https://sendcutsend.com/services/deburring-services/) or [tumbling](https://sendcutsend.com/services/tumbling/), both of which can be done by SendCutSend. [Waterjet cutting](https://sendcutsend.com/services/waterjet-cutting/) and [CNC routing](https://sendcutsend.com/services/cnc-routing/) also improve cut quality. This can be a marginal effect, but important for high performance and critical parts.
## Cases where Stress Concentrations are Desirable
Sometimes, a designer might want to induce a stress concentration, to make the component intentionally break. Some examples include:
- A 'mechanical fuse', an inexpensive component that breaks in a controlled fashion instead of more expensive ones, such as a shear bolt.
- A segment of a part which is field removable without a cutting tool - think of perforations on a bag, or knock-out holes in an electrical junction box.
## Conclusion
In summary:
- Designers should be mindful of stress concentrations, especially on load-bearing and high-performance parts.
- There are various tools to estimate stress concentrations, ranging from simple calculations to complex FEA.
- Even if not performing analysis, there are still strategies designers can employ to minimize the impact of stress concentrations.
- SendCutSend offers both materials and services like [countersinking](https://sendcutsend.com/services/countersinking/), [dimple forming](https://sendcutsend.com/services/dimple-forming/), [deburring](https://sendcutsend.com/services/deburring-services/), [tumbling](https://sendcutsend.com/services/tumbling/), [waterjet cutting](https://sendcutsend.com/services/waterjet-cutting/), and [CNC routing](https://sendcutsend.com/services/cnc-routing/) which can be employed to mitigate the impact of stress concentrations on your parts.

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